Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products
Sales and Related Occupations- O*NET-SOC 代码
- 41-4011.00
Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers where technical or scientific knowledge is required in such areas as biology, engineering, chemistry, and electronics, normally obtained from at least 2 years of postsecondary education.
- 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
很高· 相对
低四级相对区间很高职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
- 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.271
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
- 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.49–0.51· ISCO-08 职业组 3 个
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
该来源发布的是什么性质的数值
BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。
各关联 ISCO-08 职业组的 ILO 数值
- ISCO-08 2433Technical and Medical Sales Professionals (excluding ICT)0.50
- ISCO-08 2434Information and Communications Technology Sales Professionals0.51
- ISCO-08 3322Commercial Sales Representatives0.49
Task-level exposure
显示隐藏的 18 项工作已评分任务 36 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 33 项（91.7%）
β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。
- 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
- 已评分任务中有 3 项不在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中，其分数按 O*NET 27.2 的发布值保留。
- 来源
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- 版本
- gh-main-0471612
- 许可
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Answer customers' questions about products, prices, availability, or credit terms.41-4011.00 | 0.286058.1 | 0.143815.7 |
Prepare sales presentations or proposals to explain product specifications or applications.41-4011.00 | 0.058211.8 | 0.08339.1 |
Study documentation or other information for new scientific or technical products.41-4011.00 | 0.055411.3 | 0.08809.6 |
Contact new or existing customers to discuss how specific products or services can meet their needs.41-4011.00 | 0.03667.4 | 0.466851.0 |
Select or assist customers in selecting products based on customer needs, product specifications, and applicable regulations.41-4011.00 | 0.01954.0 | 0.00680.7 |
Advise customers on product usage to improve production.41-4011.00 | 0.00701.4 | —0 |
Maintain customer records, using automated systems.41-4011.00 | 0.00631.3 | 0.06206.8 |
Attend sales or trade meetings or read related publications to obtain information about market conditions, business trends, environmental regulations, or industry developments.41-4011.00 | 0.00561.1 | 0.00440.5 |
Collaborate with colleagues to exchange information, such as selling strategies or marketing information.41-4011.00 | 0.00501.0 | 0.01241.3 |
Visit establishments, such as pharmacies, to determine product sales.41-4011.00 | 0.00460.9 | —0 |
Negotiate prices or terms of sales or service agreements.41-4011.00 | 0.00250.5 | 0.01111.2 |
Provide customers with ongoing technical support.41-4011.00 | 0.00180.4 | 0.00840.9 |
Emphasize product features based on analyses of customers' needs and on technical knowledge of product capabilities and limitations.41-4011.00 | 0.00180.4 | 0.00330.4 |
Quote prices, credit terms, or other bid specifications.41-4011.00 | 0.00170.3 | 0.00500.6 |
Identify prospective customers using business directories, leads from existing clients, participation in organizations, or trade show or conference attendance. | —0 | 0.00941.0 |
Inform customers of estimated delivery schedules, service contracts, warranties, or other information pertaining to purchased products. | —0 | 0.00590.6 |
Prepare and submit sales contracts for orders. | —0 | 0.00340.4 |
Obtain building blueprints or specifications for use by engineering departments in bid preparations. | —0 | 0.00160.2 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Quote prices, credit terms, or other bid specifications.O*NET Task ID 11238 | 1.0 |
Maintain customer records, using automated systems.O*NET Task ID 11241 | 1.0 |
Complete expense reports, sales reports, or other paperwork.O*NET Task ID 11252 | 1.0 |
Prepare and submit sales contracts for orders.O*NET Task ID 20608 | 1.0 |
Verify accuracy of materials lists.O*NET Task ID 20619 | 1.0 |
Answer customers' questions about products, prices, availability, or credit terms.O*NET Task ID 11237 | 0.5 |
Emphasize product features, based on analyses of customers' needs and on technical knowledge of product capabilities and limitations.O*NET Task ID 11239 | 0.5 |
Negotiate prices or terms of sales or service agreements.O*NET Task ID 11240 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with colleagues to exchange information, such as selling strategies or marketing information.O*NET Task ID 11245 | 0.5 |
Prepare sales presentations or proposals to explain product specifications or applications.O*NET Task ID 11246 | 0.5 |
Provide customers with ongoing technical support.O*NET Task ID 11248 | 0.5 |
Inform customers of estimated delivery schedules, service contracts, warranties, or other information pertaining to purchased products.O*NET Task ID 11249 | 0.5 |
Provide feedback to product design teams so that products can be tailored to clients' needs.O*NET Task ID 11256 | 0.5 |
Arrange for installation and testing of products or machinery.O*NET Task ID 11257 | 0.5 |
Compute customer's installation or production costs and estimate savings from new services, products, or equipment.O*NET Task ID 11261 | 0.5 |
Consult with engineers regarding technical problems with products.O*NET Task ID 11262 | 0.5 |
Obtain building blueprints or specifications for use by engineering departments in bid preparations.O*NET Task ID 11266 | 0.5 |
Visit establishments, such as pharmacies, to determine product sales.O*NET Task ID 11267 | 0.5 |
Inform customers about issues related to responsible use and disposal of products, such as waste reduction or product or byproduct recycling or disposal.O*NET Task ID 19825 | 0.5 |
Present information to customers about the energy efficiency or environmental impact of scientific or technical products.O*NET Task ID 19826 | 0.5 |
Research and convey information to customers about tax benefits or government rebates associated with energy-efficient scientific or technical products, such as solar panels.O*NET Task ID 19827 | 0.5 |
Sell technical and scientific products that are environmentally sound or designed for environmental remediation.O*NET Task ID 19828 | 0.5 |
Contact new or existing customers to discuss how specific products or services can meet their needs.O*NET Task ID 20609 | 0.5 |
Select or assist customers in selecting products based on customer needs, product specifications, and applicable regulations.O*NET Task ID 20610 | 0.5 |
Verify that delivery schedules meet project deadlines.O*NET Task ID 20611 | 0.5 |
Identify prospective customers, using business directories, leads from existing clients, participation in organizations, or trade show or conference attendance.O*NET Task ID 20612 | 0.5 |
Advise customers on product usage to improve production.O*NET Task ID 20613 | 0.5 |
Study documentation or other information for new scientific or technical products.O*NET Task ID 20614 | 0.5 |
Attend sales or trade meetings or read related publications to obtain information about market conditions, business trends, environmental regulations, or industry developments.O*NET Task ID 20615 | 0.5 |
Sell service contracts for technical or scientific products.O*NET Task ID 20616 | 0.5 |
Initiate sales campaigns to meet sales and production expectations.O*NET Task ID 20618 | 0.5 |
Verify customer credit ratings.O*NET Task ID 20620 | 0.5 |
Appraise equipment to determine contract terms or trade-in values.O*NET Task ID 20621 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
O*NET 31.0 全部任务（33 项）
本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。
| 任务（O*NET 31.0） | 类型 |
|---|---|
| Answer customers' questions about products, prices, availability, or credit terms. | 核心 |
| Quote prices, credit terms, or other bid specifications. | 核心 |
| Emphasize product features, based on analyses of customers' needs and on technical knowledge of product capabilities and limitations. | 核心 |
| Negotiate prices or terms of sales or service agreements. | 核心 |
| Maintain customer records, using automated systems. | 核心 |
| Collaborate with colleagues to exchange information, such as selling strategies or marketing information. | 核心 |
| Prepare sales presentations or proposals to explain product specifications or applications. | 核心 |
| Provide customers with ongoing technical support. | 核心 |
| Inform customers of estimated delivery schedules, service contracts, warranties, or other information pertaining to purchased products. | 核心 |
| Visit establishments to evaluate needs or to promote product or service sales. | 核心 |
| Complete expense reports, sales reports, or other paperwork. | 核心 |
| Compute customer's installation or production costs and estimate savings from new services, products, or equipment. | 核心 |
| Stock or distribute resources, such as samples or promotional or educational materials. | 核心 |
| Prepare and submit sales contracts for orders. | 核心 |
| Contact new or existing customers to discuss how specific products or services can meet their needs. | 核心 |
| Select or assist customers in selecting products based on customer needs, product specifications, and applicable regulations. | 核心 |
| Verify that delivery schedules meet project deadlines. | 核心 |
| Identify prospective customers, using business directories, leads from existing clients, participation in organizations, or trade show or conference attendance. | 核心 |
| Advise customers on product usage to improve production. | 核心 |
| Study documentation or other information for new scientific or technical products. | 核心 |
| Attend sales or trade meetings or read related publications to obtain information about market conditions, business trends, environmental regulations, or industry developments. | 核心 |
| Provide feedback to product design teams so that products can be tailored to clients' needs. | 补充 |
| Arrange for installation and testing of products or machinery. | 补充 |
| Consult with engineers regarding technical problems with products. | 补充 |
| Visit establishments, such as pharmacies, to determine product sales. | 补充 |
| Inform customers about issues related to responsible use and disposal of products, such as waste reduction or product or byproduct recycling or disposal. | 补充 |
| Present information to customers about the energy efficiency or environmental impact of scientific or technical products. | 补充 |
| Sell technical and scientific products that are environmentally sound or designed for environmental remediation. | 补充 |
| Sell service contracts for technical or scientific products. | 补充 |
| Demonstrate the operation or use of technical or scientific products. | 补充 |
| Initiate sales campaigns to meet sales and production expectations. | 补充 |
| Verify accuracy of materials lists. | 补充 |
| Verify customer credit ratings. | 补充 |
0.01/ 3· 机器人暴露指数
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
对每项体力任务，按已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人能够完成它的环境评定 0–3 级（0 不可 · 1 围栏式机器单元、灌装线等机器人专用设施 · 2 医院药房、集装箱港口等受管理的设施 · 3 私人住宅、建筑工地等非结构化环境），再按工作时间占比求平均
以该职业 O*NET 29.3 任务中的体力任务为准
等级与时间占比由 Anthropic 使用 Claude Opus 5（网络搜索）估算（截至 2026 年）。
机器人暴露指数与本站的 AI 暴露度是不同的指标，不能相加或相互比较。该指数不代表实际采用情况或成本竞争力，0 也包括没有体力任务的职业。
每项体力任务的等级
机器人环境等级（E0–E3）
E0 机器人不可详情
评定为已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人即使在机器人专用设施中也无法完成
E1 机器人专用设施详情
评定为可在围绕机器搭建的设施中完成，例如围栏式机器单元或灌装线
E2 受管理的设施详情
评定为可在由机构按工作标准维护的人类工作设施中完成，例如医院药房或集装箱港口
E3 非结构化环境详情
评定为可在没有机构按工作标准维护的环境中完成，例如私人住宅或建筑工地
仅列出被归类为体力任务的任务；其他任务在来源中没有等级。
| 任务（O*NET 29.3） | 机器人环境等级 |
|---|---|
| Stock or distribute resources, such as samples or promotional or educational materials. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Demonstrate the operation or use of technical or scientific products. | E0 机器人不可 |
职业信息
就业展望（BLS）
这些数值属于整个 SOC 41-4011 组（Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products），并非仅属于该 O*NET 职业。
- 就业人数，2025
- 292K
- 预计就业人数，2035
- 296K
- 变化 (2025–35)
- +1.2%
- 年薪中位数，2025
- $104,920
- 入职通常所需学历
- Bachelor's degree
韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）
来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。
| KSCO 代码 | KSCO 名称 | 关系 | 状态 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28431 | 자동차 부품 기술 영업원 | 本职业范围更宽 | 已确认 |
| 28432 | 전자 및 통신장비 기술 영업원 | 本职业范围更宽 | 已确认 |
| 28433 | 의료장비 기술 영업원 | 本职业范围更宽 | 已确认 |
| 28434 | 농업용 기계장비 기술 영업원 | 本职业范围更宽 | 已确认 |
| 28436 | 의약품 영업원 | 本职业范围更宽 | 已确认 |
| 28420 | 해외 영업원 | 有重叠，但不相同 | 已确认 |
| 28490 | 그 외 기술 영업 및 중개 관련 종사원 | 相关，但不对应 | 已确认 |
关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)
国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明
以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。
- ISCO-08 2433Technical and Medical Sales Professionals (excluding ICT)
技术和医药销售专业人员（信息通信技术除外）
- ISCO-08 2434Information and Communications Technology Sales Professionals
信息和通信技术销售专业人员
- ISCO-08 3322Commercial Sales Representatives
商业销售代表
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO 职业词汇
以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。
- technical sales representativeESCO 2433.6范围相同
Technical sales representatives act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.
- client relations managerESCO 2431.6本职业范围更窄
Client relations managers act as the middle person between a company and its customers. They ensure that the customers are satisfied by providing them with guidance and explanation on their accounts and services received by the company. They also have possible other tasks such as developing plans or delivering proposals.
- ICT account managerESCO 2434.1本职业范围更宽
ICT account managers build business relationships with customers to facilitate the sale of hardware, software, telecommunications or ICT services. They also identify opportunities and manage sourcing and delivery of products to customers. They achieve sales targets and maintain profitability.
- medical sales representativeESCO 2433.2本职业范围更宽
Medical sales representatives promote and sell medical devices, equipment and pharmaceutical products to healthcare professionals. They provide product information and demonstrate features to healthcare professionals. Medical representatives negotiate and close sales contracts.
- technical sales representative in agricultural machinery and equipmentESCO 2433.6.1本职业范围更宽
Technical sales representatives in agricultural machinery and equipment act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.
- technical sales representative in chemical productsESCO 2433.6.2本职业范围更宽
Technical sales representatives in chemical products act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.
- technical sales representative in electronic and telecommunications equipmentESCO 2434.4本职业范围更宽
Technical sales representatives in electronic and telecommunications equipment act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.
- technical sales representative in hardware, plumbing and heating equipmentESCO 2433.6.3本职业范围更宽
Technical sales representatives in hardware, plumbing and heating equipment act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.
- technical sales representative in machinery and industrial equipmentESCO 2433.6.4本职业范围更宽
Technical sales representatives in machinery and industrial equipment act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.
- technical sales representative in mining and construction machineryESCO 2433.6.5本职业范围更宽
Technical sales representatives in mining and construction machinery act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.
- technical sales representative in office machinery and equipmentESCO 2433.6.6本职业范围更宽
Technical sales representatives in office machinery and equipment act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.
- technical sales representative in the textile machinery industryESCO 2433.6.7本职业范围更宽
Technical sales representatives in the textile machinery industry act for a business to sell its merchandise while providing technical insight for customers.
另有 11 项
来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
法国职业分类关联（ROME）
本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。
| ROME 代码 | ROME 名称（法语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| D1412 | Délégué médical hospitalier / Déléguée médicale hospitalière | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| D1413 | Délégué / Déléguée pharmaceutique | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| M1714 | Chargé / Chargée de l'information promotionnelle du médicament en industrie pharmaceutique | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| D1407 | Technico-commercial / Technico-commerciale | 有重叠，但不相同暂定 |
| D1420 | Cadre Technico-commercial / CadreTechnico-commerciale | 有重叠，但不相同暂定 |
| D1441 | Technico-commercial / Technico-commerciale de l'industrie et des services nautiques | 相关，但不对应 |
| J1106 | Responsable médical / Responsable médicale en région (RMR-MSL) en industrie pharmaceutique | 相关，但不对应 |
| D1405 | Conseiller / Conseillère en information médicale | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
| D1433 | Commercial / Commerciale export | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）
本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| CNO-11 代码 | CNO-11 名称（西班牙语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 2640 | Profesionales de ventas técnicas y médicas (excepto las TIC) | 范围相同 |
| 2653 | Profesionales de la venta de tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones | 本职业范围更宽 |
| 3510 | Agentes y representantes comerciales | 相关，但不对应 |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
德国职业分类关联（KldB）
本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| KldB 代码 | KldB 名称（德语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 81883 | Berufe in der Pharmazie (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | 本职业范围更宽 |
| 43232 | Berufe im IT-Vertrieb - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| 43233 | Berufe im IT-Vertrieb - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| 61123 | Berufe im Vertrieb (außer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | 有重叠，但不相同 |
| 61124 | Berufe im Vertrieb (außer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | 有重叠，但不相同暂定 |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
日本职业分类关联（JSCO）
本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| JSCO 代码 | JSCO 名称（日语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 342 | 化学品営業職業従事者 | 本职业范围更宽 |
| 343 | 医薬品営業職業従事者 | 本职业范围更宽 |
| 344 | 機械器具営業職業従事者（通信機械器具を除く） | 有重叠，但不相同 |
| 345 | 通信・システム営業職業従事者 | 有重叠，但不相同 |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源