Bookkeeping Clerks

Office & Administrative Support

AI exposure

Data source: BLSPublished: '26.08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: '26.03
0.310
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Source dataset
Data source: ILOPublished: '25
0.49
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 21% score at or above this value.
Source dataset

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Show 18 hidden tasks

Task	Claude.aiRaw / share %
Perform financial calculations, such as amounts due, interest charges, balances, discounts, equity, and principal. 43-3031	0.025022.0
Classify, record, and summarize numerical and financial data to compile and keep financial records, using journals and ledgers or computers. 43-3031	0.022219.6
Calculate costs of materials, overhead, and other expenses, based on estimates, quotations and price lists. 43-3031	0.016514.6
Compile statistical, financial, accounting, or auditing reports and tables pertaining to such matters as cash receipts, expenditures, accounts payable and receivable, and profits and losses. 43-3031	0.014412.7
Operate computers programmed with accounting software to record, store, and analyze information. 43-3031	0.00645.6
Debit, credit, and total accounts on computer spreadsheets and databases, using specialized accounting software. 43-3031	0.00635.5
Prepare and process payroll information. 43-3031	0.00585.1
Compile budget data and documents, based on estimated revenues and expenses and previous budgets. 43-3031	0.00534.7
Reconcile records of bank transactions. 43-3031	0.00433.8
Calculate and prepare checks for utilities, taxes, and other payments. 43-3031	0.00353.1
Calculate, prepare, and issue bills, invoices, account statements, and other financial statements according to established procedures. 43-3031	0.00201.7
Perform general office duties, such as filing, answering telephones, and handling routine correspondence. 43-3031	0.00171.5
Show 2 more tasks ▾Show less ▴

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Check figures, postings, and documents for correct entry, mathematical accuracy, and proper codes. O*NET Task ID 2486	1.0
Operate computers programmed with accounting software to record, store, and analyze information. O*NET Task ID 2487	1.0
Debit, credit, and total accounts on computer spreadsheets and databases, using specialized accounting software. O*NET Task ID 2489	1.0
Classify, record, and summarize numerical and financial data to compile and keep financial records, using journals and ledgers or computers. O*NET Task ID 2490	1.0
Code documents according to company procedures. O*NET Task ID 2493	1.0
Operate 10-key calculators, typewriters, and copy machines to perform calculations and produce documents. O*NET Task ID 2495	1.0
Perform financial calculations, such as amounts due, interest charges, balances, discounts, equity, and principal. O*NET Task ID 2497	1.0
Perform general office duties, such as filing, answering telephones, and handling routine correspondence. O*NET Task ID 2498	1.0
Calculate and prepare checks for utilities, taxes, and other payments. O*NET Task ID 2501	1.0
Compare computer printouts to manually maintained journals to determine if they match. O*NET Task ID 2502	1.0
Reconcile records of bank transactions. O*NET Task ID 2503	1.0
Prepare trial balances of books. O*NET Task ID 2504	1.0
Transfer details from separate journals to general ledgers or data processing sheets. O*NET Task ID 2506	1.0
Calculate costs of materials, overhead, and other expenses, based on estimates, quotations and price lists. O*NET Task ID 2508	1.0
Match order forms with invoices, and record the necessary information. O*NET Task ID 2509	1.0
Compute deductions for income and social security taxes. O*NET Task ID 2513	1.0
Prepare purchase orders and expense reports. O*NET Task ID 2514	1.0
Comply with federal, state, and company policies, procedures, and regulations. O*NET Task ID 2488	0.5
Calculate, prepare, and issue bills, invoices, account statements, and other financial statements according to established procedures. O*NET Task ID 2491	0.5
Compile statistical, financial, accounting, or auditing reports and tables pertaining to such matters as cash receipts, expenditures, accounts payable and receivable, and profits and losses. O*NET Task ID 2492	0.5
Access computerized financial information to answer general questions as well as those related to specific accounts. O*NET Task ID 2494	0.5
Reconcile or note and report discrepancies found in records. O*NET Task ID 2496	0.5
Prepare bank deposits by compiling data from cashiers, verifying and balancing receipts, and sending cash, checks, or other forms of payment to banks. O*NET Task ID 2499	0.5
Receive, record, and bank cash, checks, and vouchers. O*NET Task ID 2500	0.5
Monitor status of loans and accounts to ensure that payments are up to date. O*NET Task ID 2505	0.5
Compile budget data and documents, based on estimated revenues and expenses and previous budgets. O*NET Task ID 2507	0.5
Complete and submit tax forms and returns, workers' compensation forms, pension contribution forms, and other government documents. O*NET Task ID 2510	0.5
Maintain inventory records. O*NET Task ID 2511	0.5
Perform personal bookkeeping services. O*NET Task ID 2512	0.5
Prepare and process payroll information. O*NET Task ID 18561	0.5
Show 20 more tasks ▾Show less ▴

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

Occupation information

ILO

KEIS'25

Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.

회계사무원KNOW K000007487
Job outlook: 증가(12%) 현상유지(15%) 감소(73%)
Wages (10,000 KRW): lower(25%) 5.0K average(50%) 6.6K upper(25%) 8.125K
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Job satisfaction: 67
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Details
Duties
- -발생한 거래 즉 자산, 부채, 자본의 증감 및 손익의 발생에 따라 차변계정과목과 대변계정과목을 나눈다.
- -이를 장부에 옮겨 적으며 숫자 또는 계산이 정확한지 확인하고 정산한다.
- -기업이 일정기간 동안 사업을 계획하고 실행해온 과정에서 발생한 오류나 문제점을 찾는다.
- -세무서에 세금을 납부하거나 주주들에게 회사의 이익을 돌려주는 등의 업무를 위해 장부를 정리하고 결산서를 작성한다.
- -대차대조표, 손익계산서 등의 재무제표 분석으로 기업의 경영성과 및 재무상태를 판단하고 그 적부를 진단한다.
- -기업의 수익성, 유동성, 생산성, 성장성 등을 파악하여 자금조달결정, 투자결정, 배당결정의 기초자료를 제공한다.
- -세법에서 규정하고 있는 각종 세금과 관련된 과표와 세액을 계산·신고하고 납부한다.
- -고객과 회계 및 세무와 관련하여 상담한다.
See details on KNOW (Korea Employment Information Service) (external site)
Work abilities
재정 관리(100) · 수리력(98) · 시간 관리(94) · 판단과 의사결정(90) · 기억력(88)
Knowledge
경제와 회계(97) · 경영 및 행정(90) · 법(84) · 사무(81) · 산수와 수학(79)
Work environment
반복적인 신체행동, 정신적 활동(93) · 앉아서 근무(90) · 재택근무(90) · 이메일 이용하기(90) · 정확성, 정밀성 유지(87)
Related occupations
경리사무원
경리사무원KNOW K000007466
Job outlook: 증가(3%) 현상유지(40%) 감소(56%)
Wages (10,000 KRW): lower(25%) 3.158K average(50%) 3.5K upper(25%) 4.225K
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Job satisfaction: 63
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Details
Duties
- -절차에 따라 매뉴얼이나 전산시스템을 사용하여 청구서, 송장, 계산서 및 기타 경리서류를 작성하여 발행한다.
- -재무기록 및 수취계정, 지불계정과 같은 거래를 규정에 따라 처리·대조한다.
- -원장이나 전산시스템에 자료를 입력한다.
- -직원의 임금 및 수당을 계산·지급하고, 퇴직금 계산, 연말정산, 기타 일반 경비와 관련하여 증빙서류를 정리한다.
- -통장과 현금의 관리, 보고 등의 업무를 수행한다.
See details on KNOW (Korea Employment Information Service) (external site)
Work abilities
재정 관리(99) · 전산(95) · 물적자원 관리(94) · 수리력(86) · 기억력(83)
Knowledge
경제와 회계(87) · 사무(82) · 경영 및 행정(76) · 산수와 수학(67) · 인사(67)
Work environment
정확성, 정밀성 유지(88) · 앉아서 근무(84) · 마감시간(81) · 이메일 이용하기(80) · 전화 대화하기(79)
Related occupations
회계사무원

The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.

Recent Changes Affecting This Occupation

Apr 2026: Bookkeeping clerks classified in office/administrative high-risk segment by OpenAI framework — repetitive structured ledger and reconciliation work.

[Source: OpenAI Jobs Transition Framework, April 2026]

Mar 2026: Brookings retraining analysis: workers displaced by AI from clerical roles face challenging transitions. TAA participants remained underemployed even 4 years after job loss.

[Source: Brookings Institution]

Mar 2026: AI Layoff Trap research highlights bookkeeping as especially vulnerable to over-automation due to highly structured task composition in competitive markets.

[Source: Falk & Tsoukalas (2026), The AI Layoff Trap]

Bookkeeping Clerks

AI exposure

Task-level exposure

Occupation information

ILO occupational description

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Recent Changes Affecting This Occupation