Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Identify, develop, or evaluate marketing strategy, based on knowledge of establishment objectives, market characteristics, and cost and markup factors.Details
11-2021
0.035439.0
0.006126.3
Formulate, direct, or coordinate marketing activities or policies to promote products or services, working with advertising or promotion managers.Details
11-2021
0.026929.7
0.010947.3
Develop pricing strategies, balancing firm objectives and customer satisfaction.Details
11-2021
0.013314.7
—0
Conduct economic or commercial surveys to identify potential markets for products or services.Details
11-2021
0.00444.9
—0
Advise business or other groups on local, national, or international factors affecting the buying or selling of products or services.Details
11-2021
0.00374.1
—0
Use sales forecasting or strategic planning to ensure the sale and profitability of products, lines, or services, analyzing business developments and monitoring market trends.Details
11-2021
0.00293.2
—0
Confer with legal staff to resolve problems, such as copyright infringement or royalty sharing with outside producers or distributors.Details
11-2021
0.00242.6
—0
Initiate market research studies or analyze their findings.Details
11-2021
0.00171.9
0.00156.7
Compile lists describing product or service offerings.Details
—0
0.002912.5
Coordinate or participate in promotional activities or trade shows, working with developers, advertisers, or production managers, to market products or services.Details
—0
0.00167.1
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
Task
βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Compile lists describing product or service offerings.Details
O*NET Task ID 957
1.0
Develop pricing strategies, balancing firm objectives and customer satisfaction.Details
O*NET Task ID 950
0.5
Identify, develop, or evaluate marketing strategy, based on knowledge of establishment objectives, market characteristics, and cost and markup factors.Details
O*NET Task ID 951
0.5
Evaluate the financial aspects of product development, such as budgets, expenditures, research and development appropriations, or return-on-investment and profit-loss projections.Details
O*NET Task ID 952
0.5
Negotiate contracts with vendors or distributors to manage product distribution, establishing distribution networks or developing distribution strategies.Details
O*NET Task ID 955
0.5
Consult with product development personnel on product specifications, such as design, color, or packaging.Details
O*NET Task ID 956
0.5
Use sales forecasting or strategic planning to ensure the sale and profitability of products, lines, or services, analyzing business developments and monitoring market trends.Details
O*NET Task ID 958
0.5
Select products or accessories to be displayed at trade or special production shows.Details
O*NET Task ID 959
0.5
Confer with legal staff to resolve problems, such as copyright infringement or royalty sharing with outside producers or distributors.Details
O*NET Task ID 960
0.5
Coordinate or participate in promotional activities or trade shows, working with developers, advertisers, or production managers, to market products or services.Details
O*NET Task ID 961
0.5
Advise business or other groups on local, national, or international factors affecting the buying or selling of products or services.Details
O*NET Task ID 962
0.5
Initiate market research studies, or analyze their findings.Details
O*NET Task ID 963
0.5
Consult with buying personnel to gain advice regarding the types of products or services expected to be in demand.Details
O*NET Task ID 964
0.5
Conduct economic or commercial surveys to identify potential markets for products or services.Details
O*NET Task ID 965
0.5
Consult with buying personnel to gain advice regarding environmentally sound or sustainable products.Details
O*NET Task ID 19502
0.5
Develop business cases for environmental marketing strategies.Details
O*NET Task ID 19503
0.5
Integrate environmental information into product or company marketing strategies, policies, or activities.Details
O*NET Task ID 19504
0.5
Recommend modifications to products, packaging, production processes, or other characteristics to improve the environmental soundness or sustainability of products.Details
O*NET Task ID 19505
0.5
Formulate, direct, or coordinate marketing activities or policies to promote products or services, working with advertising or promotion managers.Details
O*NET Task ID 20709
0.5
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
Occupation information
ILO occupational description
Sales and Marketing Managers
Sales and marketing managers plan, direct and coordinate the sales and marketing activities of an enterprise or organization, or of enterprises that provide sales and marketing services to other enterprises and organizations.
Tasks
(a) planning and organizing special sales and marketing programmes based on sales records and market assessments;
(b) determining price lists, discount and delivery terms, sales promotion budgets, sales methods, special incentives and campaigns;
(c) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures related to sales and marketing activities;
(d) leading and managing the activities of sales and marketing staff;
(e) planning and directing daily operations;
(f) establishing and managing budgets and controlling expenditure to ensure the efficient use of resources;
(g) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff;
(h) representing the enterprise or organization at sales and marketing conventions, trade exhibitions and other forums.
Auction house managers are responsible for the staff and activities in an auction house. Moreover, they manage the finances and marketing aspects of the auction house.
chief marketing officerESCO 1221.3
Chief marketing officers manage the high level marketing operations in a company. They coordinate all the efforts related to the marketing, promotional, and advertising activities across units or geographical areas. They make sure that different activities aimed at creating awareness of products are profitable for the company. They take decisions and prepare reports on marketing projects and the costs they entail.
motor vehicle aftersales managerESCO 1221.3.2.1.3
Motor vehicle aftersales managers maximise sales by closing business on an ongoing basis. They negotiate with existing clients for contract renewals. They maintain contracts, deal with claims, manage warranty, and investigate damages on products.
online sales channel managerESCO 1221.3.2.1.4
Online sales channel managers define the sales programme for e-commerces such as goods sold via e-mail, internet and social media. They also assist in planning the of the online sales strategy and identifying marketing opportunities. Online sales channel managers also analyse competitor sites, review the site performance and analytics.
commercial directorESCO 1221.4
Commercial directors are responsible for the income generation for the commercial sector of their company. They manage several commercial tasks such as setting targets, overseeing the development of products, planning and developing selling efforts, managing sales agents, and determining product prices.
destination managerESCO 1221.3.1
Destination managers are in charge of managing and implementing the national/regional/local tourism strategies (or policies) for destination development, marketing and promotion.
tourism product managerESCO 1221.5
Tourism product managers analyse the market, research potential offers, develop products, plan and organise the distribution and marketing processes.
marketing managerESCO 1221.3.2
Marketing managers carry out the implementation of efforts related to the marketing operations in a company. They develop marketing strategies and plans by detailing cost and resources needed. They analyse the profitability of these plans, develop pricing strategies, and strive to raise awareness on products and companies among targeted customers.
licensing managerESCO 1221.3.2.1.2
Licensing managers oversee licenses and rights of a company regarding use of its products or intellectual property. They ensure that third parties comply with specified agreements and contracts, and negotiate with and maintain relationships between both parties.
sales managerESCO 1221.3.2.1
Sales managers develop sales and targeting strategies for a company. They manage sales teams, allocate sales resources based on the plans, prioritise and follow up on critical leads, develop sales pitches and adjust them over time, and maintain a sales platform to track all leads and sales.
banking products managerESCO 1221.2
Banking products managers study the market of banking products and adapt the existing ones to the characteristics of this evolution or create new products to suit clients needs. They monitor and evaluate the performance indicators of these products and suggest improvements. Banking products managers assist with the sales and marketing strategy of the bank.
promotion managerESCO 1221.3.3
Promotion managers plan and implement the implementation of promotional programs in the point-of-sale of products. They coordinate all efforts from personnel, below-the-line (BTL) advertising material, and conventional advertising efforts in order to raise awareness of a specific promotion.
Source:European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.
설득(89) · 서비스 지향(88) · 재정 관리(87) · 조직체계의 분석 및 평가(83) · 모니터링(Monitoring)(80)
Knowledge
영업과 마케팅(92) · 경제와 회계(92) · 경영 및 행정(87) · 사무(85) · 인사(85)
Work environment
치열한 경쟁(100) · 재택근무(98) · 연설, 발표, 회의하기(96) · 결과에 대한 책임(96) · 외부 고객 대하기(94)
Related occupations
마케팅 및 광고·홍보 관리자 · 경영 지원 관리자 · 정부 행정 관리자 · 금융관리자
The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.
Projected change: +6.9%
Median wage: $167K
lowest $31Kmedian wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559K
Mar 2026: Stanford-Harvard study shows marketing specialists (adjacent domain) benefit nearly as much as experts from AI assistance. Conceptualization: 3.04→4.18 with AI. Writing: 3.92 with AI, near expert level (3.96).
